N.B. This is a repost of the article published May 13 which ‘disappeared’ from the site by some strange technological act, unknown to us at RC, which I modified by taking out some images and the Italian Medieval hymn to Our Lady. F.R.
Detail
of a mosaic on the façade of Il Duomo in Siena
D. Our Blessed Lady
Our Blessed Lady is, as we have noted above, at the same time the most
glorious member of the Church, and Her model.
i) ‘To Us it seems that we should resolutely dissent from those prophets of doom (profeti di sventura), who always announce the worst, as though the end of the world was coming. In the present state of human events, in which humanity appears to be entering into a new order of things, there are to be seen rather the mysterious plans of Divine Providence’ (Gaudet Mater Ecclesia, opening speech of the Council by Pope John XXIII).
The phrase ‘the prophets of doom’ in text (i) refers, as the Pope had
explained a little before, to those who take a pessimistic view of contemporary
society, amongst whom it is reasonable to understand those who upheld the
message of Fatima. Pope John had read the third secret of Fatima in 1959. It
contained three parts: in the first a vision of Hell into which many souls were
seen to fall; in the second the end of the First World War was prophesied, as well
as the outbreak of a Second World War and the diffusion of communism if the
world did not convert. The remedy was also given, that is the devotion to the
Immaculate Heart of Mary; the third part contained a vision of the death of the
Pope, of the hierarchy, clergy, and faithful [1].
The Pope commented: ‘It does not concern the years of my pontificate’ [2]. Professor de Mattei gives as the Pope’s motive for not publishing the third secret: ‘the strident contrast between ‘the prophets of doom’ of the message of Fatima, and the optimistic, prophetic stance of the new Pontiff who inaugurated the Second Vatican Council.
When, during the Council, 510 heads of dioceses, archdioceses, and
patriarchates from 76 countries were to beg Pope Paul VI to consecrate the
whole world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary in conformity with the secrets of
Fatima, the liberals (in the persons of Cardinal Bea and the French and German
Bishops) prevailed upon him not to do so [3].
Notwithstanding this failure, the Pope announced at the end of the third
Session that he would send a golden rose to Fatima ‘to entrust to the care of
this Heavenly Mother the entire human family…’
ii) ‘… the Blessed Virgin
advanced in her pilgrimage of faith…’ (LG 58)
Text (ii) suggests that Our Lady grew in Faith on witnessing the
miracles of her Divine Son and His words on the Kingdom of Heaven, whereas of
course such supernatural actions and words were only an external confirmation
of the Faith that she already possessed in her Son’s Divinity.
iii) ‘… the Blessed Virgin is
invoked in the church under the titles of advocate, helper, benefactress, and
mediatrix.’ (LG 62)
iv) ‘… Let them [theologians and
preachers] carefully refrain from whatever might by word or deed lead the
separated sisters and brothers or any others whatsoever into error about the
true doctrine of the church’ (LG 67).
Text (iii) asserts that Our Lady is invoked by the Church as Mediatrix. To clarify the meaning of
such a title one must obviously make both a negative and a positive point: one
must explain how the role of Our Lady is subordinate to that of Our Lord, but
one must also explain in what her mediatory role consists. The passage quoted
continues with three caveats
stressing her subordinate role to ‘Christ the one Mediator’, but saying nothing
about her mediatory role, except for the very general allusion to ‘manifold
co-operation’. What is however even more notable about the text, apart from
this negativity, is its doctrinal poverty: the fact that it suppresses her full
title ‘Mediatrix of all Graces’. This full title had been the subject of a
vehement attack from the part of Father Rahner, whose rejection of the doctrine
had been seconded by the Fulda Conference [4].
The full title had appeared in the original schema, but had met with the
disapproval of the Protestant observers and the Bishops of the Liberal group.
Liberal Cardinals such as Léger, Döpfner, Bea, Alfrink, Liénart, as well as
Pope John XXIII, did not even want the title ‘Mediatrix’ included in the final
version. Pope John had called it ‘inopportune and even harmful’ [5].
Eventually the liberals, in an accord reminiscent of the machinations of
opposing political parties, agreed not to oppose the inclusion of ‘Mediatrix’
if the conservatives did not insist on the title ‘Mother of the Church’ [6].
Text (iii) was therefore a compromise text between two conflicting
parties. In the field of Mariology the parties are described as ‘maximalist’
and ‘minimalist’. The former party represented the traditional Catholic
veneration towards Our Lady, the modern phase of which derives from the
apostolic and literary works of St. Louis Marie de Montfort and of St.
Alphonsus Maria de’ Liguori. This party viewed Our Lady as Co-Redemptrix and
Mediatrix of all Graces, and desired the latter role to be proclaimed as dogma
by the Council. The minimalist party, by contrast, viewed the role of Our Lady
as subordinate to that of the Church, of whom she was only a member and model [7].
Minimalists attacked the Mariology of their opponents by claiming that
it was not supported by Revelation [8];
that it was ‘excessive’, ‘feverish’, at least partly ‘pathological’ and that it
did not correspond to the requirements of La
Nouvelle Theologie [9];
that it should be ‘purified’ [10];
although the most common objection, as voiced in text (iv), was simply that it
was prejudicial to ecumenism [11].
Although the majority of the Fathers shared the maximalist outlook, the
conservative group (the Coetus
Internationalis Patrum) had not yet been able to organise itself
sufficiently to co-ordinate any effective counter-offensive. Furthermore,
Father Laurentin, as a journalist-theologian, had the media on his side. The
result was a victory for the minimalists. (RdM ibid.).
Although they did not succeed in eliminating reference to the mediatory
role of Our Blessed Lady entirely, the minimalists were able to prevent the
Council from:
-
designating her
as Mediatrix of ‘all Graces’;
-
solemnly
pronouncing her Motherhood of the Church;
-
dedicating a
separate scheme to her alone;
-
consecrating
the world to her Immaculate Heart.
Notwithstanding these ‘successes’, however, the Liberals were to receive
a heavy blow on the last day of the Session, when Pope Paul proclaimed in his
closing address ‘for the glory of the Virgin Mary and for our own consolation,
The Most Holy Mary as Mother of the Church.’ Father Küng and leading
Protestants were indignant and Liberals were afterwards to call the week in
question, for this and for other reasons, ‘Black Week’, but the Holy Spirit had
intervened in honor of His Immaculate Spouse, despite all their efforts to the
contrary. What is more, the Pope also announced his intention to send a golden
rose to Fatima to ‘entrust to the care of this heavenly Mother the entire human
family…’, considered by Father Wiltgen as at least a partial reply to the
request to consecrate the entire world to her Immaculate Heart [12].
*
In conclusion to this first chapter, we see how the Council erodes
Catholic teaching on the intimate nature of the Church: on the Church as a
Mystical Body, as a Hierarchy, and as One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic. This
effectively deprives Her of any supernatural quality whatsoever, reducing Her
to the level of a purely human society, such as those of the non-Catholic
Christians and of the other Religions, with which she is consequently obliged
to interact with as an equal.
[1] we shall not
here enter into the question of whether there were further revelations
concerning the current apostasy of the hierarchy, which have up to the
present day been suppressed by the same hierarchy.
[2] RdM II 5a
[3] MD rl ch.10
[4] RdM p.321
[5] RdM IV 6
[6] MD pjc ch.10
[7] RdM IV 6
[8] Father Congar
[9] Father
Laurentin
[10] Cardinal König
[11] Father Laurentin,
Cardinal Koenig, Father Rahner, Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, RdM IV 6
[12] MD ibid.
